Unit 10: Emerging Technologies in Computer Science — Short Questions

Artificial Intelligence denotes the simulation of human thinking ability in computer systems to think and learn in a manner like humans.

Machine learning is a field within Artificial Intelligence that teaches computers to learn from data inputs and experience like humans without direct programming. AI algorithms are based on ML to predict output.

For example, assume that we want to predict price of a car. In this case we need to create a dataset of cars having the input like.

• Engine type and power
• Transmission type (manual / automatic)
• Number of seats
• Front-wheel / rear-wheel drive
• Keyless entry
• Push button start
• Safety features
• Country of manufacturing

The machine learning process consists of 5 stages.
a) Collection of training data
b) Creating algorithm
c) Learning process
d) Creating training model
e) Predicting results

• AI based automation can lead job losses in many areas such as automobile manufacturing, business, education, healthcare, agriculture, etc.
• Errors in AI algorithms in healthcare systems can output inaccurate information. For example, the AI system can recommend a wrong medicine for a patient which can be very harmful and can even cause death.

The following are some important benefits of using AI systems.

• Usage of AI based assistants such as Siri and Alexa, suggest products by monitoring our browsing habits.
• Provide better security against cyberattacks.
• Enable new innovations in developing intelligent computer software.

Here are some most popular AI tools:

• ChatGPT
• Grammarly
• Lovo ai
• Virtual Assistants

Chat GPT stands for Chat Generative Pre-trained transformer developed by Open AI, Open AI is an American Artificial Intelligence Research Laboratory. ChatGPT helps in performing tasks such as creating essays, emails and coding. It is and easy to use virtual assistant that provides text-based responses to users' questions. It is a very useful AI tool but it raises some ethical issues as well.

Virtual assistant is an interactive AI based application program that can understand natural language. Popular virtual assistants are Apple's Siri, Amazon Alexa, Google Assistant, Chat GPT and Microsoft Cortana. You ask question to it and it will give you the answer.

Lovo ai is a tool based on AI algorithm that converts text to speech. It is the award winning most realistic online text to speech generator. It uses AI techniques to find out the most suitable voice for your text. It supports 500 high quality voices and more than 100 languages.

It is used for various purposes. These include dictating text into a computer instead of typing it to save time. It is used by virtual assistants like Siri and Alex.

Computer vision is a field of AI that enables computer systems to obtain meaningful information from digital images videos. To achieve this, it uses camera, data and algorithms.

Natural language processing (NLP) is based on AI. It is about giving computers the ability to understand spoken and written words just like we do. The purpose of NLP is to provide easy communication between computers and humans by using natural language.

The following are some areas of application of NLP in our daily life.

• Language Translation (Google translation)
• Email filtering and spam detection
• Voice recognition
• Web search
• Chatbots
• Personal assistants (Siri, Alexa, Google Assistant)
• Spell and grammar recheck
• Sentiment analysis
• Bias and fake news detection.
• Advertisement to targeted audience

A robot is a mechanical or virtual artificial agent typically designed by humans to perform tasks automatically, with varying degrees of autonomy. Robots can be programmed to execute specific actions or behaviors, often utilizing sensors, actuators.

AI-based software for healthcare 1. Improves medical image analysis.
2. Offers clinical decision support.
3. Promotes drug discovery.
4. Enables personalized medicine.
5. Enables remote patient monitoring.
6. Improves healthcare procedures.
7. Provides medical chatbots and virtual assistants.
8. Predicts disease outbreaks.
9. Assists with robotic surgery.
10. Facilitates healthcare research and data analysis.

AI based systems in education have many benefits for students, teachers and school/university administration. It enhances student's learning and helps teachers to carry out their tasks efficiently to provide quality education. AI based systems adapt to meet each student's individual learning needs. It helps teachers in grading students' assignments, examinations and essays.

AI in agriculture refers to using AI based modern techniques to help farmers produce high quality crops and increase production by using land more efficiently.

The following are some benefits of application of AI in agriculture.

• AI is used for scanning images of insects that attack crops and livestock to detect and prevent spread of diseases.
• AI can help in monitoring and detecting health problems in livestock using drones, cameras and computer vision to avoid spread of disease.
• AI based drone technology is used for efficient spray of pesticide.

AI improves our daily lives by providing personal assistants, enabling smart home devices, making online recommendations, facilitating language translation, personalizing social media, assisting with navigation, tracking health and fitness, filtering emails, enabling voice recognition, and providing customer service support.

AI is used in business in the areas of e-commerce, marketing and business management. AI software is used to run the day-to-day business activities. It has many benefits in business.

A chatbot is a computer program that combines AI with natural language to provide instant answers to website visitor's questions through text or voice interaction. It mimics human conversation as a virtual assistant and automates responses to customers questions.

One significant advantage of AI in surgery is its capacity to improve precision and accuracy, resulting in better surgical outcomes and a lower risk of complications.

Transparency in AI decision-making is critical for accountability, trust development, ethical considerations, bias identification, and mitigation.

Using AI technology, computer can be trained to perform various tasks by imitating actions of human beings. It is the technology related with making intelligent machines and developing intelligent software.

Machine Learning Machine learning is a type of artificial intelligence where computers learn from experience and improve over time without being explicitly programmed. It's like teaching a computer by showing it lots of examples,and it figure out how to do things on its own.

Deep Learning Deep learning is special kind of machine learning.it uses complex Structure called neural networks, which are inspired by how our brains work. The network help computers learn from lots of data and make decisions or recognize patterns even better.

AI computer vision gives ability to computer to see just like it gives ability to think. Computer vision applications are used in various fields. These include healthcare, security and surveillance, facial recognition, self-driving car, parking occupation detection, traffic flow analysis, manufacturing, construction, etc.

Comparison

Ease of Use NLP enables non-technical users to interact intuitively with natural language.

Flexibility vs. Control NLP allows for greater flexibility in human-computer interaction, with a focus on context and semantics. Computer languages provide fine control over program and system behavior.

Applications NLP is commonly used for user-facing applications and communication, whereas computer languages are employed for software development and system-level tasks.

It is not a perfect tool as it has some inaccuracy issues. It does not catch every mistake and some suggestions it gives may not be correct. Since it is not 100% accurate, it is not a replacement of manual proofreading.

Historical Context of Artificial Intelligence:

The term AI was first invented by John Mc Carthy in 1956 druiing the Darthmoutz conference. The journey of AI has seen several key milestones:

1950s-1960s: Early AI research focused on problem-solving and symbolic methods.

1970s-1980s: The development of expert systems that mimicked human decision-making.

1990s: The rise of machine learning, where computers began to learn from data.

2023s–present: ChatGPT was introduced that is an AI-based model which is designed to understand human-like text based input.

Firstly, AI is used for diagnosing diseases personalizing treatment plans and secondly predicting patient outcomes.

Machine learning is a type of artificial intelligence where computers learn from experience and improve over time without being explicitly programmed. It's like teaching a computer by showing it lots of examples,and it figure ourt how to do things ontis own.

Definition IoT is a network of physical objects, or things,that are equipped with sensors, software, and other technologies to facilitate the exchange of data with other device and systems over the internet.

IoT is significant because it allows for the seamless integration of the physical and digital worlds. This connection enables device to collect and share data, which can be analysed to improve efficiency, provide better services, and create new opportunities in various fields such as healthcare, agriculture, and smart homes.

Following are the potential risks of AI and IoT:

• Algorithmic Bias
• Policy and Regulatory Frameworks
• Data Protection Laws
• Ethical Guidelines
• Bias Mitigation Standards
• Security Standards

AI and IoT have the potential to address large-scale societal challenges such as climate change, healthcare accessibility, and urbanization. For example, smart cities leverage IoT to manage resources efficiently, reduce traffic congestion, and improve public services.

Training of AI systems is conducted on large datasets, and if these datasets comprise biases, the AI models can in advertently perpetuate or even amplify these biases. This can lead to unfair outcomes in various applications, such as hiring processes, law enforcement, and lending practices.

Establishing ethical guidelines for the development and deployment of AI systems to ensure fairness, transparency, and accountability. Organizations like the IEEE have developed guidelines for ethical AI.