Unit 7: Legal and Ethical Aspects of Computing System — Short Questions

Terms of Use are legal agreements that explain how a service or product can be used. They are important because they protect the rights of users, provide clarity about what to expect from a service, and help providers avoid misuse or legal issues.

User Obligations explain what users must do, like using services properly. This protects providers from misuse and helps users understand how to use the service responsibly.

Limitations of Liability protect service providers by stating that they are not responsible for issues beyond their control, such as service downtime or errors caused by the user.

These clauses tell users how their personal data is collected, used, and protected. They help users understand and control how their information is handled.

These clauses protect the service provider's original content like logos, software, and articles. They stop users from copying or misusing the content without permission.

This clause allows the service provider to stop a user's access if they break the rules. For example, social media platforms can suspend accounts that spread fake news or hate speech.

If someone breaks the Terms of Use, they may be banned from the service, face legal action, or have to pay fines. For example, using unlicensed software can lead to legal problems.

Ethical considerations like fairness and transparency help build trust. If the terms are clear and honest, users can make better decisions and feel confident about using the service.

Users have rights like the right to privacy, the right to know how their data is used, and the right to ask for corrections or deletion of their personal information.

Users should review Terms of Use regularly because platforms often update them. Staying informed helps users know their rights and responsibilities.

Privacy and security threats are risks that can expose personal or sensitive information. They are a concern because they can lead to identity theft, financial loss, and damage to online safety for both individuals and organizations.

Spam is unwanted and unsolicited messages sent via email or SMS. It can be annoying and sometimes leads to scams or phishing attacks.

Spyware is harmful software that secretly monitors your online activity. It can steal personal data like passwords and credit card details without your knowledge.

Cookies help by remembering your login details and preferences. But they can also track your online behavior to show targeted ads, which may invade your privacy.

Phishing is a scam where attackers pretend to be trusted sources (like a bank) to trick users into giving personal information, like passwords or credit card numbers.

Pharming is a cyberattack where users are automatically redirected to a fake website without their knowledge. Unlike phishing, it doesn't need the user to click a link — it works behind the scenes.

Spam filters help by automatically separating unwanted or suspicious emails from the inbox, reducing the risk of scams and phishing attacks.

Antivirus software protects devices from harmful programs like spyware and viruses. It scans files and blocks dangerous content before it can cause damage.

Managing cookies helps by deleting unnecessary ones, especially from unknown websites. This limits tracking and protects personal browsing data.

You can recognize phishing emails by checking for suspicious senders, urgent requests for personal information, and links that don't look official.

Signs of a pharming attack include being redirected to a fake website that looks real. Always check the URL for correctness and look for "https://" and a padlock symbol for security.

Using multiple strategies (like antivirus, spam filters, and secure browsing) gives better protection because each method covers different types of threats.

The digital divide is the gap between people who have access to modern technology like the internet, computers, and smartphones, and those who do not.

It is serious because it leads to unequal opportunities in education, jobs, healthcare, and social participation, which increases inequality in society.

The main causes are economic barriers (can't afford tech), geographical barriers (no internet in rural areas), educational barriers (lack of digital skills), and social barriers (based on age, gender, or disability).

Students without access to the internet or devices struggle to study, especially during online learning. This creates an education gap between rich and poor or urban and rural students.

Many jobs today need basic digital skills. People without access to technology may not get job opportunities, increasing unemployment in disadvantaged areas.

People without internet access may not get health information or use telemedicine services, making it harder to get medical help, especially in rural areas.

Digital literacy helps people use technology properly. Without it, even if devices are available, people may not benefit from them, widening the divide.

People without internet may miss out on news, social media, and online government services. This makes it harder for them to stay informed or take part in democratic processes.

Ways include government support for internet infrastructure, educational programs to teach digital skills, and public-private partnerships to make technology more affordable.

Schools can provide digital education and access to computers and the internet, especially for students who don't have these resources at home.

Computing has changed our lives by making information, communication, and services more accessible. It has improved how we learn, connect with others, and do business.

Computing has made education more accessible by providing online platforms like Coursera and edX, where students can learn from top universities no matter where they live.

Computing has made communication faster and easier through social media, messaging apps, and video calls, allowing people to connect across the world instantly.

Computing has created new jobs and industries, such as e-commerce. Platforms like Daraz allow small businesses to reach more customers and grow.

The digital divide is the gap between people who have access to computing technology and those who don't. It's a problem because it creates inequality in education, jobs, and opportunities.

Computing and social media allow information to spread quickly. But this also means fake news and misinformation can go viral, causing confusion and fear.

Digital literacy helps people tell real news from fake news and make smart decisions online. It's important to stay informed and safe in a digital world.

Privacy concerns arise because computing systems collect and store personal data. If not protected, this data can be misused or leaked, violating people's privacy.

In Pakistan, the leakage of citizens' data from NADRA shows how important it is to have strong data protection laws and systems in place.

Social media raised awareness about the attack and helped bring people together to show support and solidarity for the victims and their families.

Digital citizenship means knowing how to use digital technology and the internet responsibly, ethically, and safely to create a positive online environment for everyone.

It helps protect individuals and others from online harm, ensures privacy, and promotes respect and safety in digital spaces.

By using strong passwords, avoiding phishing scams, and treating others with respect online.

Ethical use of information means handling data and digital content in a fair, legal, and respectful way, such as not stealing or misusing others' work.

Plagiarism is using someone else's work without giving credit. It can be avoided by citing sources and using your own words when writing.

Sharing personal details like your address or phone number can put your privacy and safety at risk. It can be misused by strangers or scammers.

Cybersecurity awareness means understanding online threats like phishing and malware and knowing how to protect yourself from them.

Phishing is a scam where someone pretends to be a trusted source to steal your personal info. You can recognize it by checking for suspicious links or unexpected requests for passwords.

Malware is harmful software that can damage your device or steal data. You can protect your device by avoiding unknown downloads and using updated antivirus software.

Collaborative problem solving is when people work together, often with the help of technology, to solve a problem or complete a task more effectively.

Technology allows people to share ideas, work on projects together from different places, and use tools like spreadsheets or online documents to organize their work.

It means designing digital content (like websites or documents) so that everyone, including people with disabilities, can use and understand it.

By using readable fonts, adding descriptions to images (alt text), and collecting user feedback to improve usability.

User feedback helps creators understand how people use their content and what improvements are needed to make it more helpful and accessible.